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对标美国中学生英语写作A+小论文,美国中学大学如何训练写作思路

今天禀享的是Zoe在2020年暑假上的浏览写作课程里写的一篇获得A+的英语评论类作文。这两个多月里Zoe几近每周都写一篇小论文,咱们会在随后的分享顶用文字沉淀和记实。

说回此次的分享。这个课程请求6-8年级的孩子们在3周内完成马克·吐温的小说《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》,并且每周都要按照一个主题完成一篇文学评论文章。此次的分享,是Zoe在读这个文学著作的最后一周完成的小论文。为了完备分享此次写作,咱们将服从题作文的命题动身。

从此起头,Zoe要和以往的creative writing(创作性写作),或日志体的记叙文章要做一个切割了。Zoe必要以成熟的方法来阐发及论述本身的概念。行云流水之余,晓之以理,动之以情绝对是一个挑战;实在到这个阶段,利用哪一种说话已不是最首要的了。以是再夸大一下,雷同的写作练习已是在熬炼理解、归纳、总结、阐发、论述、共情等多方面的能力。若是你有耐烦读彻底文,就会理解咱们想表达的意思;同时,也能大要对美国中学对学生阐发类论文写作的要乞降引导标的目的。小我感受这个请求是和美国的大学乃至钻研生教诲思绪一脉相承的。

教员针对写作划定了标题以下:

Homework: For next week students should finish reading The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and write an essay analyzing family in the novel.

课程必要孩子们完成整部小说的浏览,并阐发小说中表现的家庭观念来完成小论文的写作。写作中可以存眷以下几点:

What is the author’s view on family? All students must answer this question.作者有甚么样的家庭观念?注重所有学生的论文中必需涵盖这个方面的阐述。What is the importance of family structures in the novel? 家庭布局在小说中有甚么首要意义?What is their place in society? 家庭在社会中所处的职位地方?Do Huck and Jim constitute a family? 小说主人公哈克和逃跑的奴隶吉姆可以组成一个家庭吗?What about Huck and Tom? 小说主人公哈克和汤姆能组成一个家庭吗?What do the characters think of family? 小说中的人物若何理解家庭这个观点?When does society intervene in the family?社会在甚么环境下会参与家庭?All students should include their “skeleton format” thesis at the top of their essay!!

所有学生必需在论文写作主段落前标注出大旨布局公式

In this essay I will argue that:在这个论文中我将会商:This will show not only that:会商将不止涵盖:But also that:并将探究:下面是Zoe上交的文章分享。起首是文章大旨纲领,就是用下面三个句子完成文章的大旨句。重点是在写作进程中,必要时刻自我查抄,看看是不是写作是环抱着设定的大旨句内容开展的。否则,文章会显得思惟发散,总体缺少说服力。大旨句这部门咱们就不翻译成中文了。可是后面的作文,是中英文比照的。

In this essay I will argue that:

Twain’s image of an ideal family includes love, trust comfort, sacrifice, and most importantly, respect for freedom.

This will show not only that:

Twain indicates the lack of these traits in the traditional families in the novel.

But also that:

The relationship between Jim and Huck resembles all of these traits.

如下的分享会大致把Zoe写的英文翻译成中文。由于时候限定,不会举行出格过细的翻译。咱们随意翻译一下。Zoe妈感觉每次也搞得挺累。可是由于Zoe在对峙,以是一块儿对峙吧。

此外,不晓得为甚么,总感受原本Zoe写的英文读起来轻松不少,可是一翻译成中文,感受有种过度严厉的感受。

“Being a family means you are part of something very wonderful. It means that you will love and be loved for the rest of your life.”-Lisa Weed. Although many people think of family as being blood related to another, it is not that simple. In Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, by outlining the traditional family types that Huck encounters during his journey and contrasting them with the unconventional family-like relationship between Huck and Jim, Twain confronts the prevailing family concept in his era and reveals his view on ideal family with core values such as love, trust, comfort, sacrifice and most importantly, respect for its members’ free will.

“成为家庭的 一员是妙不成言的一件事。它象征着你的余生将在爱与被爱中渡过。”- Lisa Weed。虽然大部门人认为家庭因此血缘毗连的,但实在这事并无那末简略。在《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》这部著作里,经由过程比力传统家庭和主人公哈克和落跑黑奴吉姆之间的瓜葛,作者马克·吐温挑战了其所处期间主导的家庭界说。作者经由过程这部著作表达了他抱负中的家庭表现的焦点价值观-爱、信赖、从容、捐躯,和最首要的一点,即对其他家庭成员自由意志的尊敬。

Through his description of various dysfunctional families by traditional concept, Twain challenges the customary idea of family as the basic social unit to provide for the next generation and successfully educate/civilize them with preaching and punishment. Family is miniature model of the society; stable families with the right
对标美国中学生英语写作A+小论文,美国中学大学如何训练写作思路插图
values will keep the society on the right track. And in order to avoid wrong paths going forward, the right values are to be passed down through generations by family education. Twain deliberately creates the character of Huck, a 13-year-old boy who has learned a lot from life experience and knows how to survive even when left alone in the wild. Thus, Huck no longer needs pa, a drunk, abusive and morally corrupted figure in the novel who fails to provide for his family as a father. Consequently, Twain demolishes the most primitive form of family which is blood-related, inviting the readers to wonder whether sharing the same blood along is enough for having a stable and happy family.

马克·吐温经由过程对一系列家庭的描写,对传统家庭观念提出了挑战;作者认为传统意义的家庭其实不能经由过程(简略的)说教和赏罚承当起所谓扶养、教养孩子的社会责任。家庭是社会的缩影;具有符合价值观的家庭能促成社会在正常轨道上运行;而为了确保社会日后的正常运行,最佳也能让符合的价值观代代相传
对标美国中学生英语写作A+小论文,美国中学大学如何训练写作思路插图(1)
。在这本小说中,马克·吐温特地刻划了一个13岁的顽童,而且付与了他野外保存的各种技术。如许,13岁的主人公哈克底子不必要他阿谁常常施暴的酒鬼爸爸;而实在他的父亲也历来没有承当起一家之主的责任。由此,马克·吐温打坏了最原始的血亲家庭模式,并约请读者一块儿思虑,是不是血缘是维系一个安定和幸福家庭的独一纽带。

Twain then let the society intervene and find a foster family for Huck where the widow and Miss Watson enthusiastically take up the responsibility to civilize Huck. This arrangement appears to be very reasonable in a society interested in keeping its wholeness through keeping as many normal families (normal by social standards) as possible. Huck recognizes their kindness but refuses to follow. The author fails the foster family as a backup instrument to civilize Huck since Huck eventually decides to escape in search of freedom.

随后,马克·吐温在小说中让社会参与进来,把哈克放置进了一个寄养家庭。寄养家庭中的孀妇和华生蜜斯竭尽全力地想要教养哈克。如许的放置在作者所处的期间很是公道;社会寄但愿于寄养家庭承当起孩子的责任,确保社会中有更多不乱的家庭,进而确保社会的不乱。在投止家庭里,哈克感觉到了善意,可是他其实不想服从于教养。
对标美国中学生英语写作A+小论文,美国中学大学如何训练写作思路插图(2)
作者借由哈克的出逃,让备选的(寄养)家庭布局也损失了感化。

It’s obvious that for Twain, living under the same roof or even merely sharing same beliefs are not prerequisites for forming a genuine family; and the novelist proves this theory through demonstrating the lack of ideal family values in many traditional families Huck meets along the way.

毫无疑难,对作者而言,糊口在统一屋檐下,乃至哪怕有着配合的理念都不是可以或许构成真正家庭的先决前提。作者经由过程对哈克一起冒险行程中碰到的五花八门的家庭举行描写来说明他的这一概念。

Huck lives with his father in the woods and he runs into king and Duke, two scoundrels that Huck has to live with for some time. Huck’s father and the two rascals only want to take advantage of Huck. For example, seeing that he may lose Huck’s custody, Huck’s father curses saying: “a man’s own son…just as that man has got that son raised at Kay, and ready to go to work and begin to do suthi’ for him and give him a rest,” (p20) It’s obvious that Huck’s father is only interested in exploiting Huck for economic benefits. King and Duke also control Huck as their servant, bossing him around and eventually sell Jim for their own benefit. All family values that Twain approves are lacking in these relationships although the characters live together. A relationship in which the elders only demand and abuse for forced obedience by no means represents the family type that Twain idealizes.

哈克在野外和他的父亲一块儿糊口,随后的历险中他又碰到了“国王”和“公爵”这两个骗子。哈克的父亲和那两个骗子都想操纵哈克。当哈克的父亲看到本身可能落空对哈克的监护权时,他只是埋怨落空哈克就没人任由他使唤了(就像中国人说的养儿防不了老了。虽然哈克的父亲很是自私,本身底子没有经心养育哈克,他依然想留哈克在身旁干活赡养和赐顾帮衬本身)。哈克的父亲想和哈克在一块儿只是出于经济实惠上的考量。而“国王”和“男爵”在和哈克相处的进程中把哈克看成家丁,教唆他干这干那;最后还瞒着哈克把落跑黑奴吉姆给卖掉了。固然哈克和这些人糊口在一块儿,可是他们之间的瓜葛都不克不及表现马克·吐温所推重的家庭价值。在这些瓜葛中,年父老发号令,任意妄为,强迫着年幼者从命。这些瓜葛绝对不是马克·吐温抱负中的家庭瓜葛。

Grangerford’s family lives in very comfortable conditions and they are gentle, kind people. However, they chose to live in hatred and their activities center around a feud while nobody even remembers how it started. Through Huck’s observation on Grangerfords’ morning routine and their co妹妹ents on their way back from a sermon about brotherly love, Twain ironically shows how a family with extreme order and hierarchy in their behavior, noble in their thoughts and unanimous in their beliefs can become hypocrite slaughtering machines. The message Twain sends out through the story of the Grangford’s family is straightforward – when a family inherits hatred instead of love, when it values honor above true feelings, any seemingly order and harmony can turn into tragedy or even death.

格伦基福特上校一家过着恬静的糊口;他们仁慈而彬彬有礼。但是,他们却糊口活着仇带来的暗影里。虽然他们乃至已遗忘这类冤仇详细是由何而来,这一家人的所有平常勾当彷佛都环抱着报仇开展。哈克(经由过程和这家人一块儿糊口)察看着这家人早上井井有理的典礼(怙恃若何下楼,男孩子和女孩子们若何轮番给怙恃敬酒存候);思虑着这家人从教堂回来的路上是若何冲动的评论着方才听完的关于人世互爱的传教(现实上他们往来来往教堂的路上都实枪荷弹,时刻筹备碰到对头取人道命,且杀人不眨眼)。经由过程这些描写,作者马克·吐温用嘲讽的口气指出,一个看起来层次分明、老小有序、品德崇高、思惟同一的家庭实在彻底可所以一个卖弄的杀人呆板。这里,作者经由过程描述格伦基福特上校一家所表达出来的信息是很是明白的 – 当一个家庭世代相传的是恨而不是爱;当这个家庭把声誉看得高过人的真情实感,所谓的秩序与调和刹时可能变成惨剧,乃至将人推向灭亡。

Twain’s view on Phelps’ family is positive yet with restraint; Twain implies that even with a good traditional family like Phelps’, the ideal family is out of reach for Huck due to the social and cultural reality of his era. After a long journey full of dangers and malicious lying, finally Huck could have a rest at Phelps’ house. The family seems to be so perfect, with a responsible, well-tempered father, a loving and caring mother, decent household and enough food. Once again, Huck could be a boy and fool around with his pranks, carefree. However, Twain makes aunty Sally share the widow’s enthusiasm in civilizing Huck. Again, the conflict between what others think is good for Huck and Huck’s free will emerges. Huck takes a long journey to return to the starting point, at the beginning of the story when his previous foster family, the widow, tries her best to educate Huck. To break this socially defined cycle, Twain sends Huck off to another journey since for Twain, a place with no respect for free will is no home.

马克·吐温对付Phelps这个家庭的评价是正面的,可是也有所保存。作者指出在因为哈克所糊口年月的各种社会文化限定,哪怕是像Phelps如许的传统大好人家也没法成为哈克永久的避风港。在履历了布满伤害和假话的漫长冒险后,哈克终究能在Phelps家安置一下。这家人看是这么的完善 – 一个卖力任的,好脾性的父亲;一个爱意满满,关心入微的母亲;面子的寓所和足够的食品。哈克又可以做回一个高枕而卧,处处捣鬼的小男孩儿。但是,马克·吐温特地放置,让这家的女主人萨利阿姨也出于好意,豪情满满地想要教养哈克(所谓教养就是给自由的魂魄加之各类限定。坐有坐相,站有站相,念书写字,去教堂。估量这类教养可能有一天会让哈克变得卖弄和彬彬有礼,就像格伦基福特上校一家那样。不能不感慨马克·吐温半吐半吞,嘲讽到底的成就)。萨利阿姨和哈克以前寄养家庭的孀妇有着不异的教养人的快乐喜爱。马克·吐温再次让他人的好意和哈克的自由意志之间发生了冲突。哈克履历了漫长的历险后又回到了原点,由于小说一起头也是寄养家庭的孀妇一门心思惟着教养哈克。为了冲破这类既定轮回,马克·吐温在小说末端处又放置哈克重启旅途。马克·吐温认为,对家庭成员的自由意志无所尊敬的处所,不克不及称之为家。

In contrast to the broken families the author portrays, the relationship between Huck and Jim embodies Twain’s concept of exemplary family. Twain must have intentionally taken off any traditional family features from the interactions between Huck and Jim. By teaming up a 13-year-old white boy who is skillful for survival and a runaway slave who is wise and protective, Twain creates a sequence of events to show how an ideal family with love, trust, comfort, sacrifice and respect for freedom can take form gradually between two people who are not only non-biological attached but also from completely different racial and social backgrounds. Huck fishes and hunts while Jim cooks and builds up a “wigwam” on the raft to protect them from “blazing weather and rainy,” (p48) With different strengths the author assigns to them, the two characters support each other by taking corresponding responsibilities during their journey together and they are more like siblings with no authorities above them.

马克·吐温描写了13岁白人男孩儿哈克和落跑黑奴吉姆的瓜葛。经由过程和上述决裂的传统家庭瓜葛作比力,马克·吐温笔下的白人男孩儿与落跑黑奴之间的瓜葛无疑表现了作者心中完善的家庭瓜葛。作者把白人男孩儿和落跑黑人凑在一块儿,其用意就是要完全剥离一切传统家庭的组成要素。13岁的白人男孩儿有野外保存的能力;落跑的黑奴有糊口的伶俐和关爱之心。作者把这两小我物组合起来,让他们履历一系列的起升沉伏;借由此显示彻底没有血缘瓜葛,且来自截然分歧的种族和社会布景的两小我也能够组建一个完善的家庭。这个家庭里布满爱、信赖、从容、(为相互)捐躯和对(相互)自由的尊敬。他们固然春秋差距不小,可是作者付与他们分歧的技术,让他们互相作伴,相互搀扶。哈克与吉姆的瓜葛有如手足,以是在他们的瓜葛中并无任何一方成为超出于另外一方的权势巨子。

By creating disagreements between Huck and Jim as well as unveiling how they talk through to find solutions, Twain indicates that happy and solid family relationship needs respect for others’ free will and compromise. For example, Jim is worried about getting on the sinking steam boat. However, when he sees that Huck is really interested, he decides to take the risk. By doing so, the two friends lose their skiff and are almost separated. After their reunion, Jim says that he would never go through this kind of adventures again and he analyzes the possible consequences. Huck eventually agrees, saying “he was right; he was most always right;” (p57) Twain’s message here is clear – families don’t build up love and trust through moral obligation nor forced obedience, but rather via attention, co妹妹unication and mutual concession.

马克·吐温经由过程在哈克和吉姆间制造抵牾来展现他们若何经由过程沟通来解决问题。作者的用意是指出幸福坚忍的家庭瓜葛必要创建在对相互自由意志尊敬的根本上,并能互相做出让步。当吉姆内心不安不想登上已鄙人沉的那艘蒸轮船的时辰,他发明哈克出格感乐趣要一探事实。以是吉姆也就决议和哈克守望相助。但是如许的做法,让两小我丢掉了他们本身的筏子,并且差点就天各一方。当他们好不易从新聚到一块儿,吉姆说他再也不肯意去冒这类危害了,并且吉姆还阐发了这种危害可能带来的后果。哈克终极认可吉姆的话有事理(想一想在阿谁年月对一个黑奴认错和认可对方比你有事理是有几多难度的一个事变)。经由过程这种的描写,马克·吐温想表达的是家庭其实不是创建在品德绑架和逼迫从命的根本上的;家庭成员之间应当互相存眷,互相谛听以到达共鸣。

Huck goes back and forth between his adventures and the raft on which he drifts down the river with Jim. After Huck escapes from the feud, he had a conversation with Jim and both agree that: “We said there warn’t no home like a raft, after all. Other places do seem so cramped up and smothery, but a raft doesn’t. You feel mighty free and easy and comfortable on a raft.” (p88) Twain makes the tattered wigwam the home that Huck always wants to go back to because there, his family, Jim, will always waits him with open arms whenever the boy is tired or hurt from his adventures and Jim won’t judge Huck or hold him up. Therefore, Twain exhibits one of the most important core values he believes that an ideal family should have – respect for freedom. Huck can’t find this trait in any traditional family he comes up with, not even in good Phelps’ family. By establishing mutual respect for freedom in Huck and Jim, Twain eventually outlines the ideal family in his belief.

哈克在陆地冒险和他与吉姆的小筏子之间往返穿梭。当哈克逃离了世仇仇杀的伤害后,他和吉姆之间有一个对话。归正那意思就是,这个破筏子才是真实的家嘛。哪里另有比这个筏子更让人放松和舒畅的处所了?在马克·吐温的笔下,这个破褴褛烂的小筏子上的小破屋之以是成了哈克的港湾,是由于不管什么时候,只要哈克感触怠倦和受伤,他总有一个归程,他总能看到伸开双臂拥抱他的吉姆;而那双伸开的双臂也永久不会成为锁住他前行的绳子。由此,马克·吐温终究展现出他抱负中的完善家庭焦点价值观 – 对自由(意志)的尊敬。哈克没法在任何传统意义家庭中找到这类共鸣,是那末让人爱好的Phelps家。以是马克·吐温只能借由哈克与吉姆之间的瓜葛,来构建出他抱负的完善家庭系统。

Twain’s portrayal in family does not just end at a relationship by blood. Throughout his novel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn,the reader can see that the ideal family Twain describes provides the love, trust, and the support for each among the members. People within a real family that Twain idealizes will aid each other to become better, yet not change who each of them wants to be. “Family not only need to consist merely those whom we share blood, but also those whom we’d give blood.” -Charles Dickens It’s no surprise that often times, we hear people refer to their close friends as family and that’s who they are.

马克·吐温对家庭的描述绝对不止于原生家庭的各种。作者可以感觉到,一个真实的家庭中的成员会相互有爱、信赖、支撑,而这些焦点价值观也在《哈克贝利·费恩历险记这部小说里贯串始终。马克·吐温抱负中的完善家庭,他们的成员间必定是互相促成让对方酿成更好的人,而其实不是一味的指望其别人扭转来逢迎本身的需求。这里,Zoe援用了查尔斯·狄更斯的一句话,大意我就不翻译了,大师仍是看上面的英文领会吧。

码字还真是挺累的。今天就到这里吧。。。

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